Journal of Ethnomedicine and Medical Wellness
The meaning of ritual-spiritual practices in ethnomedicine on mental health and psychosomatic balance
Mental health is an important aspect of human well-being, influenced not only by biological factors but also by psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions. In the context of traditional societies, ethnomedicine offers a holistic approach through ritual-spiritual practices believed to help maintain mental and psychosomatic balance. This article aims to examine the meaning and role of ritual-spiritual practices in ethnomedicine for mental health and psychosomatic balance, based on scientific literature. The method used is a literature review from various related scientific journals. The results of the review indicate that ritual-spiritual practices function as coping mechanisms, enhance emotional regulation, provide social support, and influence neurobiological responses to stress. In addition, this approach contributes to reducing psychosomatic symptoms through psychological and spiritual mechanisms. Therefore, ritual-spiritual practices can be considered a complementary approach within holistic and culturally based mental health services.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Ethnomedicine and Medical Wellness
Pre-competition screening for cardiovascular disorders among athletes at the bali provincial national sports week: a cross-sectional study
Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) remains a significant risk among competitive athletes, who, despite being perceived as paragons of physical health, may harbor subclinical cardiovascular abnormalities that manifest fatally under peak exertion. This cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted pre-competition cardiovascular screenings on 95 athletes from the Bali Provincial contingent preparing for the National Sports Week on February 14, 2024, with the objective of determining the prevalence of cardiovascular disorders and identifying individuals requiring specialized clinical management. The three-stage screening protocol employed the 14-point American Heart Association checklist for structured clinical history and hereditary risk assessment, a comprehensive physical examination incorporating vital sign monitoring and cardiac auscultation, and 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) interpreted by two independent cardiologists under a pre-established consensus protocol. Among the 95 participants (54.7% male; 71.6% aged 20–30 years), hypertension was identified in 8.4% of athletes. Rhythm analysis of 85 evaluable ECG recordings revealed normal sinus rhythm in 51.8%, sinus bradycardia in 40.0%, sinus arrhythmia in 7.1%, and atrial rhythm in 1.2%. Detailed ECG analysis of 15 athletes with significant findings identified Incomplete Right Bundle Branch Block (IRBBB) in 60.0%, Left Posterior Fascicular Block (LPFB) in 20.0%, Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) in 13.3%, and Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC) Bigeminy in 6.7%. A total of 20 athletes (21.1%) were referred for specialized cardiology consultation. These findings demonstrate that a structured, multi-stage pre-participation screening protocol is effective in uncovering both physiological cardiac adaptations and potentially pathological conditions in elite athletes, underscoring the necessity of institutionalizing such programs as a standard pre-competition safety measure in Indonesian sports governance.
Usadha Bali as a healthy lifestyle: the application of lifestyle practices, dietary patterns, and the balance of nature, mind, and body
The concept of health has evolved well beyond a purely biomedical perspective to encompass a holistic understanding that integrates physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. Usadha Bali, a traditional Balinese ethnomedical system rooted in Hindu philosophy, reflects this paradigm by emphasizing harmony among the body, mind, and natural environment. This review explores Usadha Bali as a comprehensive healthy lifestyle framework, focusing on its philosophical foundations, lifestyle practices, dietary patterns, and the balance of nature–mind–body. The system is grounded in three core philosophical principles: Tri Hita Karana, which governs harmony between humans, the divine, fellow humans, and the natural environment; Buana Alit and Buana Agung, the microcosm–macrocosm correspondence between the human body and the universe; and Rwa Bhineda, the principle of complementary opposites that must remain in equilibrium for health to be sustained. In practice, Usadha Bali promotes preventive healthcare through regulated lifestyle behaviors, the use of traditional herbal formulations, including medicinal plants such as turmeric (Curcuma longa), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and garlic (Allium sativum), and dietary patterns based on natural, locally sourced ingredients rich in bioactive compounds. Health is achieved through the integration of physical (sekala) and spiritual (niskala) approaches, underscoring the indispensable role of spirituality and inner balance in sustaining well-being. Usadha Bali represents a culturally rooted, comprehensive model of holistic health with significant relevance to modern preventive medicine and sustainable health promotion.
The body in forensic autopsy from the perspective of commodification or sacredness
Forensic autopsy practice places the deceased body in a dialectical position between the value of sacredness as a representation of inherent human dignity and the phenomenon of commodification within the modern medico-legal context. This interdisciplinary literature review analyzes the concept of the sacredness of the body from the perspectives of religion, moral philosophy, and medical ethics. On the one hand, the deontological approach emphasizes absolute respect for the corpse as an entity with intrinsic dignity, avoiding any treatment that is degrading or merely instrumental. On the other hand, utilitarianism justifies autopsy as an instrument for pursuing justice, legal proof, and public benefit, even though it may shift the body into an object of scientific data. The autopsy process leads to desacralization through the "medical gaze," yet medical ethics demands dignified handling to preserve integrity and respect. This study concludes that the tension between sacredness and commodification is complementary; modern forensic autopsy must balance scientific-legal interests with humanistic values, ensuring that the corpse remains respected as a symbolic ethical subject while also serving as an epistemic source of truth.
Olfactory nerve safe care aromatherapy: a potential management of olfactory dysfunction in Covid-19 patients
Olfactory dysfunction refers to a reduction or complete loss of the sense of smell and represents a clinically significant condition that substantially diminishes a patient's quality of life. In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emerged in Wuhan, China, and rapidly disseminated globally. On February 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) designated the resultant illness Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). A considerably high proportion of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 report anosmia as a prominent symptom; however, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this manifestation remain incompletely understood. Current therapeutic approaches for COVID-19-associated anosmia include nasal irrigation, intranasal or systemic corticosteroids, and intranasal sodium citrate. Emerging treatment modalities under active investigation include tissue engineering and stem cell therapy; nonetheless, none of the existing or investigational treatments has demonstrated sufficient efficacy in resolving anosmia. In light of these therapeutic limitations, the Olfactory Nerve Safe Care Aromatherapy (ONSCA) inhaler is proposed as a promising adjunct for managing olfactory dysfunction. This product is designed to be both effective and convenient, enabling patients with anosmia to administer therapy at any time and in any setting. The formulation incorporates four primary aromatic compounds: fruity, flowery, spicy, and resinous, selected to optimally stimulate olfactory recovery. Collectively, the available evidence suggests that ONSCA holds considerable promise as an effective and accessible solution for COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction.
Association between nutritional status and exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers: a-case control study
Pneumonia remains the leading infectious cause of death in children under five worldwide. Nutritional status and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) are recognized risk factors, yet evidence on their association with childhood pneumonia in the Indonesian context remains inconsistent. This study aimed to examine the relationship between nutritional status, EBF, and the incidence of pneumonia among under-fives (aged 12–59 months). A case-control study was conducted using retrospective medical record data. Children aged 12–59 months were enrolled via purposive sampling: cases were under-fives with a confirmed diagnosis of pneumonia, and controls were non-pneumonia inpatients matched 1:1. Nutritional status was assessed using the Weight-for-Age (W/A) index per national standards, and EBF status was ascertained from medical records. Fisher's Exact Test was used for bivariate analysis. A total of 28 participants were enrolled (14 cases, 14 controls). Most children in both groups had a normal nutritional status (26 children, 92.9%) and had received EBF (26 children, 92.9%). The distribution of both exposure variables was identical across case and control groups. No statistically significant association was found between nutritional status and pneumonia (p = 0.759), nor between EBF and pneumonia (p = 0.759). These findings are likely attributable to methodological limitations, particularly the small sample size. Larger, prospective, multivariable studies are needed to more definitively characterize risk factors for childhood pneumonia in this setting.
Melukat as nature-based therapy: a cross-sectional descriptive study
Modernization has intensified mental health challenges in contemporary society, necessitating interventions that resonate with local cultural and spiritual values. This study explores the Balinese ritual of melukat as a form of nature-based therapy that integrates traditional purification practices with psychological well-being. The research aims to characterize the ritual's therapeutic mechanisms and assess its relevance within modern mental health frameworks. Employing a cross-sectional descriptive design, data were collected from 26 participants in Denpasar, Bali, through an anonymous online survey. The instrument assessed demographic variables, motivations for the ritual, and perceived psychological outcomes, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results reveal that family influence remains a primary driver of ritual performance (65.4%), indicating that melukat is a deeply embedded domestic tradition. Participants reported substantial improvements in emotional tranquility, reduced anxiety, and enhanced sleep quality following the practice. Furthermore, the high rate of intended future participation suggests that melukat is perceived as a critical component of ongoing psychological self-care rather than a mere ceremonial obligation. This study concludes that melukat represents a significant culturally integrated intervention that bridges indigenous wisdom and psychological science. These findings advocate for the inclusion of such rituals within culturally sensitive therapy models to provide more contextualized and inclusive mental health care. Future investigations should utilize longitudinal designs and validated psychological scales to provide objective evidence of long-term therapeutic efficacy.
Association between maternal age and primigravida status with preeclampsia: a cross-sectional study
Preeclampsia remains a major contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Maternal age and primigravida status are among the most reported risk factors, yet local evidence from specific settings, such as Buleleng, Bali, remains limited. This study aims to determine the association between maternal age and primigravida status with the incidence of preeclampsia at Buleleng Regional Hospital during 2020–2023. This study employed an analytic observational design with a cross-sectional approach using secondary data from medical records at Buleleng Regional Hospital from 2020 to 2023. A total of 134 pregnant women who met the inclusion criteria were selected using purposive sampling. The independent variables were maternal age and primigravida status, while the dependent variable was the incidence of preeclampsia. Data were analyzed descriptively, and the association between variables was assessed using bivariate (Chi-square) and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses. The majority of pregnant women are in the non-risk maternal age group, and a slightly higher proportion are multigravida. Preeclampsia was observed in half of the study population. Maternal age was significantly associated with preeclampsia, with women in the high-risk age group more likely to develop the condition (p = 0.002; OR = 4.116). Primigravida status was also significantly associated with preeclampsia (p = 0.003; OR = 3.368), and both variables remained significant predictors in the multivariate analysis. Maternal age and primigravida status are important factors associated with the incidence of preeclampsia. Early identification and targeted monitoring of high-risk pregnancies are essential to reduce maternal complications.
The role of low- and high-density lipoprotein profiles in acute coronary syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) represents the most severe manifestation of ischaemic heart disease and remains a leading cause of cardiac mortality, carrying a particularly significant and growing burden in Indonesia, where regional prevalence continues to exceed the national average. Dyslipidemia, specifically elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), is among the most critical modifiable risk factors for the atherosclerotic process that underlies ACS, yet the holistic preventive significance of managing both lipid fractions simultaneously remains underemphasized in clinical practice. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the atherogenic role of LDL-C, the cardioprotective function of HDL-C, their combined and interactive contribution to coronary risk, and lifestyle-based preventive strategies that can favorably modify both parameters. The evidence reviewed demonstrates that elevated LDL-C and low HDL-C operate through distinct yet complementary pathways, lipid deposition and oxidative plaque destabilization on one hand, and loss of reverse cholesterol transport and endothelial protection on the other, and that their coexistence compounds atherogenic risk disproportionately. A holistic preventive approach integrating dietary modification, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, and weight management is proposed as the most sustainable strategy for simultaneously addressing both lipid abnormalities and reducing the burden of ACS at the individual and population level.
Integrating biomedic mechanism in sidhakarya meditation for the prevention of aortic aneurysm
Aortic aneurysm remains a significant cardiovascular challenge characterized by the progressive weakening and excessive dilation of the aortic wall, which poses a high risk of spontaneous rupture. This degenerative pathology is primarily driven by uncontrolled oxidative stress and chronic inflammation that compromise the mechanical integrity of endothelial cells and elastin fibers. Despite rising global mortality, the condition’s asymptomatic nature often complicates primary prevention and homeostatic reinforcement efforts. This review aims to explain how multilevel cellular communication pathways contribute to aortic aneurysm pathogenesis and how these pathways are modulated by Sidhakarya meditation. This Balinese mind-body practice addresses vascular degradation through a three-stage neurophysiological transition—Preparation, Core, and Closing—that shifts the autonomic nervous system from sympathetic dominance to parasympathetic activity. Clinical evidence indicates that this intervention reduces Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 30% and lowers systemic blood pressure, effectively mitigating the hemodynamic shear stress associated with abnormal vessel dilation. By stabilizing the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and enhancing heart rate variability, the protocol optimizes the aorta's elastic response and structural resilience. Ultimately, bridging indigenous spiritual wisdom with modern biomedical mechanisms offers a culturally resonant and evidence-based framework for sustainable cardiovascular prophylaxis.
The role of elimination diet in reducing allergy symptoms and improving cow's milk protein tolerance in children
Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is an adverse immunological response to cow's milk proteins, primarily involving immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated type I hypersensitivity reactions, although non-IgE-mediated and mixed responses may also occur. In Indonesia, CMA represents the second most common food allergy, with a prevalence of 2–7.5%, and allergic responses have been reported in up to 0.5% of exclusively breastfed infants. This condition poses significant health concerns in children, with symptoms affecting the gastrointestinal tract (50–70%), skin (50–60%), and respiratory system (20–30%), and may lead to growth failure due to inadequate nutritional intake if not properly managed. This literature review aims to examine the role of an elimination diet in reducing allergy symptoms and improving tolerance to cow's milk protein in children. Literature was retrieved from international databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, restricted to articles published between 2013 and 2023 in English and Indonesian. The review found that an elimination diet—defined as the strict avoidance of all cow's milk and its derivatives—is the primary management strategy for CMA. Its effectiveness is influenced by diagnostic accuracy, parental adherence, and appropriate nutritional substitution. Gradual reintroduction of cow's milk protein under medical supervision may promote immune tolerance over time. However, an elimination diet carries potential contraindications and nutritional risks that must be carefully monitored. In conclusion, an elimination diet, when properly implemented with adequate nutritional support, can effectively reduce CMA symptoms and facilitate tolerance development in affected children.
Association of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension with chronic kidney disease in patients at a primary health center in Bali, Indonesia: a cross-sectional study
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health problem, with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension recognized as key risk factors. However, evidence from primary healthcare settings in Indonesia remains limited. This study aims to evaluate the association of T2DM and hypertension with CKD. This analytic observational study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted at Banjar 2 Primary Health Center, Bali, Indonesia. Secondary data were obtained from medical records covering the period from January to December 2023. The variables analyzed included T2DM, hypertension, and CKD. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Model evaluation included the Omnibus test, Hosmer–Lemeshow test, and Nagelkerke R Square. A total of 199 patients were included, with a higher proportion of females, and most participants aged 56–65 years (35%). T2DM and hypertension were commonly observed, while CKD was less frequent. Multivariate analysis showed that T2DM and hypertension were not significantly associated with CKD (p = 0.424). Despite this, both T2DM and hypertension showed a positive association with CKD. There was no statistically significant association between T2DM, hypertension, and CKD in this study. These findings emphasize the need for further research incorporating additional risk factors and more robust study designs to better understand the determinants of CKD in primary healthcare settings.
The association between body mass index and serum uric acid levels: a narrative review
Hyperuricemia represents an escalating global public health challenge, acting as the fundamental precursor to gout and a significant contributor to systemic inflammation, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. In Indonesia, the prevalence of physician-diagnosed gout is particularly pronounced in regions such as Bali and Buleleng, coinciding with a steady nationwide increase in overweight and obesity rates. Given this parallel epidemiological trend, understanding the precise biological interactions between adiposity and urate metabolism is essential for developing effective preventive strategies. This narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence regarding the epidemiological association and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms linking Body Mass Index (BMI) to serum uric acid levels. Findings from diverse international cohorts and Indonesian-specific studies consistently demonstrate a significant positive correlation between elevated BMI and serum uric acid across various demographic groups. This association is underpinned by four interrelated biological pathways: adipose-driven insulin resistance that enhances renal urate reabsorption; leptin resistance that impairs urinary urate excretion; upregulated xanthine oxidase activity in adipose tissue that augments endogenous production; and obesity-associated oxidative stress that accelerates cellular purine degradation. These synergistic mechanisms create a metabolic environment conducive to chronic urate accumulation. Consequently, BMI is a critical, modifiable risk factor; integrated weight management strategies, encompassing regular physical activity and targeted dietary modifications that restrict purine-rich foods, fructose, and alcohol, are foundational to the clinical prevention and management of hyperuricemia and its associated metabolic sequelae.
Combination of apigenin extract in dried parsley and quercetin in onions as a therapeutic modality for atopic dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory skin condition that accounts for over one fifth of global dermatological cases, affecting children significantly more than adults. The disease is fundamentally driven by genetic mutations in the filaggrin protein and immune system disruptions that weaken the skin barrier, ultimately manifesting as severe, continuous pruritus. While standard medical management relies on topical corticosteroids to rapidly reduce this inflammation, these anti-inflammatory drugs frequently induce adverse effects ranging from localized skin atrophy to systemic suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Consequently, researchers are investigating botanical flavonoids as safer therapeutic alternatives; for example, apigenin found abundantly in dried parsley increases protective filaggrin expression to 204% ± 7.52% (compared to 100% ± 9.22% in baseline controls), and quercetin derived from onions significantly suppresses allergic markers in murine models by reducing Immunoglobulin E by 50.6% and decreasing Interleukins 4, 5, and 13 by 72.9%, 67.5%, and 34.8%, respectively. Understanding these dosages and effects helps translate preclinical findings into potential clinical applications, which is essential for evaluating their therapeutic relevance.
Acupuncture for the reproductive and hormonal system
Reproductive health represents a fundamental pillar of systemic human wellness. However, the rising prevalence of hormonal disorders and infertility highlights significant gaps in conventional medical management. While pharmacological interventions and assisted reproductive technologies remain essential, patients often encounter adverse side effects and substantial psychological distress, fostering an increased demand for integrative approaches such as acupuncture. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence to clarify the neurophysiological, endocrine, and immune mechanisms by which acupuncture influences reproductive homeostasis. Research indicates that acupuncture functions as a neuromodulatory intervention, activating afferent nerve fibers to regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and normalize cortisol levels. These pathways facilitate the release of key neurotransmitters, such as endorphins and serotonin, which modulate the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Clinically, acupuncture demonstrates efficacy in improving ovulation rates in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), increasing clinical pregnancy success in IVF protocols, and enhancing male sperm parameters by reducing oxidative stress and improving testicular microcirculation. Furthermore, it effectively manages primary dysmenorrhea and reproductive-related anxiety. Ultimately, acupuncture serves as a potent complementary modality that supports systemic functional balance. However, to facilitate broader integration into modern medical practice, the scientific community must prioritize more rigorous longitudinal research and the development of standardized clinical protocols. Implementation should be restricted to supervised settings under competent healthcare professionals to ensure safe, evidence-based utilization.
Transformation of Ethnomedicine Across Generations: Bridging Tradition and Modernity
Ethnomedicine, deeply rooted in cultural practices and traditional healing methods, has evolved significantly across generations, adapting to changing healthcare landscapes. This narrative review explores the transformation of ethnomedicine from the Baby Boomer generation to Generation Z, highlighting its sustained relevance and integration with modern medical practices. For Baby Boomers, ethnomedicine provided accessible and reliable healthcare solutions, which influenced the growth of the herbal medicine industry in Indonesia. Generation X maintained traditional practices while incorporating modern healthcare advancements, utilizing ethnomedicine to complement conventional treatments. Millennials (Generation Y) have integrated traditional medicine with modern healthy lifestyles, leveraging the internet and social media to access ethnomedicine information. Generation Z, characterized by their digital fluency, utilizes technology to explore and promote ethnomedicine, blending it with modern medicine for holistic health solutions. Despite technological advancements, ethnomedicine's cultural heritage remains vital, demonstrating resilience and adaptability. Future research should focus on validating traditional remedies through scientific methods and integrating ethnomedicine with contemporary healthcare to develop effective, culturally sensitive treatments. This integration promises to enhance healthcare outcomes and foster a more inclusive, holistic healthcare system.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Ethnomedicine and Medical Wellness
Sheetali Pranayama for Lowering Blood Pressure in Healthy and Hypertensive Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Introduction: Hypertension remains a prevalent condition among adults globally, contributing to increased mortality risk. Yoga is suggested as an alternative method for managing hypertension. Among yoga practices, Sheetali pranayama has not been extensively studied for its potential to reduce blood pressure (BP). This research intends to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of Sheetali pranayama on blood pressure and heart rate (HR). Method: We performed a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.gov to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or observational studies on sheetali pranayama and blood pressure up to February 26, 2024. The primary outcomes assessed included post-intervention systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), HR, mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), rate pressure product (RPP), and double product (DoP). Results: Three RCTs were included in the analysis. Sheetali pranayama significantly reduce SBP (MD = -9.33; 95%CI = -15.38 to -3.29; p = 0.002), DBP (MD = -6.83; 95%CI = -10.82 to -2.84; p = 0.0008), MAP (MD = -4.82; 95%CI = -6.67 to -2.96; p = 0.00001), HR (MD = -4.74; 95%CI = -7.44 to -2.05; p = 0.0006), and PP (MD = -4.58; 95%CI = -7.56 to -1.60; p = 0.003) compraed to the control groups. Conclusion: Sheetali pranayama effectively lowers SBP, DBP, HR, MAP, and PP. It is safe and cost-effective as a complementary therapy for hypertension.
Implications of Changing the Health Paradigm from the Medicine 1.0 to 4.0 Era
The evolution of healthcare paradigms has transitioned from the traditional Medicine 1.0 era to the current Medicine 4.0 era, characterized by digitalization, connectivity, and personalization. Medicine 1.0 focused on reactive treatment with fragmented care, while Medicine 4.0 emphasizes patient-centric and seamless care through advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT). This narrative review explores the implications of this paradigm shift, highlighting the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating emerging technologies into healthcare practices. The review identifies the need to validate these technologies through rigorous scientific methods, ensure equitable access, and develop comprehensive training programs for healthcare professionals. Policy frameworks must also be refined to support sustainable implementation. Despite the complexities, the transition to Medicine 4.0 holds the potential to enhance healthcare delivery, improve patient outcomes, and create a more inclusive healthcare system. Embracing this shift requires addressing technological integration, professional training, and policy development to realize the transformative benefits of Medicine 4.0 fully.
Five Star Doctor: Building a Bridge between Ethnomedicine and Modern Medicine
Ethnomedicine encompasses traditional healing practices rooted in indigenous cultures, often distinct from modern medical frameworks. In Indonesia, ethnomedicine plays a crucial role, particularly in rural areas with limited access to contemporary healthcare. This narrative review explores the integration of ethnomedicine with modern medical practices to create a holistic healthcare model. This review highlights the potential synergies between ethnomedicine and modern medicine by examining the primary roles of the 'five-star doctor' as defined by the World Health Organization—care provider, communicator, decision-maker, manager, and community leader. The review identifies the need for future research to validate the efficacy of traditional remedies and explore their combination with modern pharmacological treatments. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of cultural competence in medical education to prepare doctors for effective communication and integration of traditional knowledge into patient care. Ultimately, this integration aims to enhance treatment efficacy, provide culturally sensitive care, and improve health outcomes, particularly in underserved regions.
Exploration of Personalized Medicine, Precision Medicine, and The Contributions of Ethnomedicine
Personalized medicine represents a progressive approach in healthcare, customizing medical treatments for individuals based on their genetics, lifestyle, and other factors to ensure the proper care at the right time. This method integrates environmental and health characteristics, as seen in Ayurveda and modern medicine, highlighting personalized health management. Unlike the traditional 'one-size-fits-all' methods, personalized medicine improves treatment efficacy by accounting for unique patient characteristics. Its origins trace back to ancient practices where tailored treatments were crucial, with modern advancements in genomics and pharmacogenomics accelerating its development. Personalized medicine emphasizes genetic profiling to minimize adverse drug reactions and enhance care quality despite facing costs and clinical expertise challenges. Conversely, precision medicine customizes interventions based on individuals' or subpopulations' genetic, molecular, and environmental traits, utilizing advanced technologies for detailed molecular and cellular analysis. Both approaches aim to improve treatment effectiveness but differ in their methodologies: personalized medicine is more qualitative and adaptive. In contrast, precision medicine relies on genetic and biomarker data for systematic, targeted therapy. Ethnomedicine, which examines health concepts across different cultures, significantly contributes to both fields by integrating traditional knowledge with scientific research. It acknowledges the unique health practices of each society. It enriches personalized and precision medicine with holistic and culturally sensitive insights. Integrating ethnomedicine with modern medical approaches, such as functional medicine—which addresses disease root causes through genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors—can result in more comprehensive and patient-centered care, enhancing health outcomes and treatment effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Ethnomedicine and Medical Wellness