Sheetali Pranayama for Lowering Blood Pressure in Healthy and Hypertensive Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Abstract

Introduction: Hypertension remains a prevalent condition among adults globally, contributing to increased mortality risk. Yoga is suggested as an alternative method for managing hypertension. Among yoga practices, Sheetali pranayama has not been extensively studied for its potential to reduce blood pressure (BP). This research intends to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of Sheetali pranayama on blood pressure and heart rate (HR).

Method: We performed a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.gov to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or observational studies on sheetali pranayama and blood pressure up to February 26, 2024. The primary outcomes assessed included post-intervention systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), HR, mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), rate pressure product (RPP), and double product (DoP).

Results: Three RCTs were included in the analysis. Sheetali pranayama significantly reduce SBP (MD = -9.33; 95%CI = -15.38 to -3.29; p = 0.002), DBP (MD = -6.83; 95%CI = -10.82 to -2.84; p = 0.0008), MAP (MD = -4.82; 95%CI = -6.67 to -2.96; p = 0.00001), HR (MD = -4.74; 95%CI = -7.44 to -2.05; p = 0.0006), and PP (MD = -4.58; 95%CI = -7.56 to -1.60; p = 0.003) compraed to the control groups.

Conclusion: Sheetali pranayama effectively lowers SBP, DBP, HR, MAP, and PP. It is safe and cost-effective as a complementary therapy for hypertension.