Association of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension with chronic kidney disease in patients at a primary health center in Bali, Indonesia: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health problem, with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension recognized as key risk factors. However, evidence from primary healthcare settings in Indonesia remains limited. This study aims to evaluate the association of T2DM and hypertension with CKD. This analytic observational study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted at Banjar 2 Primary Health Center, Bali, Indonesia. Secondary data were obtained from medical records covering the period from January to December 2023. The variables analyzed included T2DM, hypertension, and CKD. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Model evaluation included the Omnibus test, Hosmer–Lemeshow test, and Nagelkerke R Square. A total of 199 patients were included, with a higher proportion of females, and most participants aged 56–65 years (35%). T2DM and hypertension were commonly observed, while CKD was less frequent. Multivariate analysis showed that T2DM and hypertension were not significantly associated with CKD (p = 0.424). Despite this, both T2DM and hypertension showed a positive association with CKD. There was no statistically significant association between T2DM, hypertension, and CKD in this study. These findings emphasize the need for further research incorporating additional risk factors and more robust study designs to better understand the determinants of CKD in primary healthcare settings.